Cell differentiation features in embryos resulting from interphylum nuclear transplantation: echinoderm nucleus to ascidian zygote cytoplasm." When an echinoderm nucleus was transplanted into an ascidian zygote cytoplast there was developmental cooperation at the cellular level between nucleus and cytoplasm of these normally nonhybridizable species. A blastula stage nucleus from the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma was injected into an activated but nonnucleate egg fragment of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. During culture, some of the ""hybrid"" embryos displayed ultrastructural evidence of cellular differentiation. Two recognizable features were (1) extracellular matrix components, and (2) neural cell characteristics, including elaboration of associated cilia. Nonnucleate zygote fragments alone, and such fragments injected with seawater or punctured by glass needle, did not develop organized subcellular structures. Morphologic expressions resulting from nuclear transplantations between these two phyla (Echinodermata and Chordata) seemingly indicate functional interactions at a gene regulatory level. Creation of such nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids suggests thereby a means of exploring the nature of the egg cytoplasmic agents in ascidian embryos that appear to determine gene expression related to histospecific differentiation products."